The data connection can be established two different ways, using active mode or passive mode. Then, in order to transfer a file or a directory listing, the client sends a particular command over the control connection to establish the data connection. First, the so-called control connection is established, over which FTP commands and their replies are transferred. When you connect to an FTP server, you are actually making two connections. What distinguishes FTP from most other protocols is the use of secondary connections for file transfers. To make things worse, some are themselves flawed, causing additional problems regarding FTP. Unfortunately, both NAT and personal firewalls conflict with FTP more often than not.
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